Wordly Wise 3000 · Libro 6 · Leccion 19 Wordly Wise 3000 · Book 6 · Lesson 19

La Gran Era de los Castillos The Great Age of Castles

Una guia para las secciones 19A, 19B, 19C, 19D, 19E y la Extension de Vocabulario A helper guide for sections 19A, 19B, 19C, 19D, 19E, and the Vocabulary Extension

ReferenceLas quince palabras del vocabularioThe Fifteen Vocabulary Words

Echales un vistazo primero. Esta leccion trata sobre los castillos medievales - como eran por dentro, como se construian, y como se defendian. Muchas palabras tienen que ver con construccion, defensa, y la vida en lugares de piedra. Skim these first. This lesson is about medieval castles - what they were like inside, how they were built, and how they were defended. Many words have to do with construction, defense, and life in stone places.

breachnoun / verb

(s.) Una abertura hecha al romper algo. (v.) Romper para abrir, o no cumplir (un acuerdo, una promesa).(n.) An opening made by breaking through. (v.) To break through, or to fail to keep (an agreement, promise).

clammyadj.

Frio y humedo, generalmente desagradable al tacto. Como una mano sudorosa fria.Cold and damp, usually unpleasant to touch. Like a cold sweaty hand.

constructverb

Construir; hacer algo combinando partes. (Sustantivo: construction; adjetivo: constructive.)To build; to make something by combining parts. (Noun: construction; adjective: constructive.)

elaborateadj. / verb

(adj.) Detallado, complejo, con muchas partes. (v.) Dar mas detalles sobre algo.(adj.) Detailed, complex, with many parts. (v.) To give more details about something.

fragrantadj.

Que tiene un olor agradable y dulce. (Sustantivo: fragrance.)Having a pleasant, sweet smell. (Noun: fragrance.)

furnishverb

Dos significados: (1) llenar con muebles; (2) suministrar o proveer algo. (Sustantivo: furnishings.)Two meanings: (1) to fill with furniture; (2) to supply or provide something. (Noun: furnishings.)

havennoun

Un lugar de refugio o seguridad. Donde te puedes proteger del peligro.A place of shelter or safety. Where you can protect yourself from danger.

installverb

Fijar algo en su lugar para que funcione (como instalar luces, plomeria, o un programa de computadora). Tambien: poner a alguien en un puesto oficial.To fix something in place so it works (like install lights, plumbing, or computer software). Also: to put someone in an official position.

massiveadj.

Muy grande y pesado. Tambien (figuradamente) enorme en cantidad o impacto.Very large and heavy. Also (figuratively) enormous in amount or impact.

repelverb

Empujar o alejar; hacer retroceder. Tambien: causar disgusto o repulsion. (Sustantivo: repellent.)To push or drive away; to force back. Also: to cause disgust or revulsion. (Noun: repellent.)

restoreverb

Devolver algo a su estado original; reparar para que se vea como antes.To bring something back to its original condition; to repair so it looks like before.

retaliateverb

Devolver una herida o un dano; vengarse. (Sustantivo: retaliation.)To return an injury or harm; to get back at someone. (Noun: retaliation.)

stenchnoun

Un olor muy desagradable y fuerte; el opuesto de fragrant.A very strong, unpleasant smell; the opposite of fragrant.

strewverb

Esparcir o regar cosas por todos lados, sin orden. (Pasado: strewed o strewn.)To scatter things around without order. (Past: strewed or strewn.)

vicinitynoun

El area cercana a un lugar; los alrededores.The area near a place; the surroundings.

19AEncontrar significadosFinding Meanings

Cada elemento te da cuatro frases (a, b, c, d). Dos de ellas se combinan para formar una oracion correcta - una empieza con una palabra del vocabulario, la otra completa su definicion. Encierra esas dos letras. Each item gives you four phrases (a, b, c, d). Two of them combine to make a correct sentence - one starts with a vocabulary word, the other completes its definition. Circle those two letters.

1Breach / opening made by breaking throughBreach / opening made by breaking through

answerEncierra c + d: "A breach is an opening made by breaking through."Circle c + d: "A breach is an opening made by breaking through."

heads upNo confundir: "A haven is a high wall" (a + b) suena posible pero es incorrecto - haven es un lugar de refugio, no una pared.Don't confuse: "A haven is a high wall" (a + b) sounds possible but is wrong - haven means a place of shelter, not a wall.

2Restore / bring back to original conditionRestore / bring back to original condition

answerEncierra b + d: "To restore a building is to bring it back to its original condition."Circle b + d: "To restore a building is to bring it back to its original condition."

3Vicinity / close byVicinity / close by

answerEncierra a + d: "To be in the vicinity is to be close by."Circle a + d: "To be in the vicinity is to be close by."

4Elaborate / provide more detailsElaborate / provide more details

answerEncierra a + c: "To elaborate is to provide more details."Circle a + c: "To elaborate is to provide more details."

tipAqui elaborate es verbo (dar mas detalles), no adjetivo (complejo).Here elaborate is a verb (give more details), not an adjective (complex).

5Construct / build itConstruct / build it

answerEncierra c + a: "To construct a room is to build it."Circle c + a: "To construct a room is to build it."

6Retaliation / returning of an injuryRetaliation / returning of an injury

answerEncierra a + d: "Retaliation is the returning of an injury."Circle a + d: "Retaliation is the returning of an injury."

7Furnish / supply themFurnish / supply them

answerEncierra a + b: "To furnish things is to supply them."Circle a + b: "To furnish things is to supply them."

tipAqui es el significado #2: furnish = proveer (no llenar con muebles).Here it's meaning #2: furnish = supply (not fill with furniture).

8Install / fix in placeInstall / fix in place

answerEncierra b + d: "To install something is to fix it in place."Circle b + d: "To install something is to fix it in place."

9Stench / bad smellStench / bad smell

answerEncierra a + d: "A stench is a bad smell."Circle a + d: "A stench is a bad smell."

10Repellent / drives things awayRepellent / drives things away

answerEncierra c + d: "A repellent is something that drives things away."Circle c + d: "A repellent is something that drives things away."

19BLa palabra exactaJust the Right Word

Cada oracion tiene un grupo de palabras subrayadas (en el libro). Reemplazalo con UNA palabra del vocabulario que diga lo mismo. Quiza necesites cambiar la forma de la palabra (anadir -ed, -ing, etc.). Each sentence has an underlined phrase (in the book). Replace it with ONE word from the vocabulary list that means the same thing. You may need to change the form of the word (add -ed, -ing, etc.).

1"Although only a few miles across, a neutron star can be as tremendously full of matter as the sun.""Although only a few miles across, a neutron star can be as tremendously full of matter as the sun."

answermassive

whyMassive = enorme cantidad de materia. Una estrella de neutrones es masiva (mucha masa) aunque sea pequena.Massive = huge amount of matter. A neutron star is massive (lots of mass) even though small.

2"Rosa remembered the pleasantly sweet smell of the honeysuckle in her grandparents' garden.""Rosa remembered the pleasantly sweet smell of the honeysuckle in her grandparents' garden."

answerfragrance

whyFragrance = olor agradable. Forma sustantiva de fragrant.Fragrance = pleasant smell. Noun form of fragrant.

3"You failed to keep my trust when you wouldn't stand up for me.""You failed to keep my trust when you wouldn't stand up for me."

answerbreached

whyBreach (verbo) = no cumplir un acuerdo o promesa. "Breached my trust" = rompiste mi confianza.Breach (verb) = to fail to keep an agreement or promise. "Breached my trust" = broke my trust.

4"Prejudice of any kind is so unpleasant that it is disgusting to decent people.""Prejudice of any kind is so unpleasant that it is disgusting to decent people."

answerrepellent

whyRepellent = que causa disgusto / repulsion. Significado #2 del verbo repel.Repellent = causing disgust / revulsion. Meaning #2 of the verb repel.

5"A small inlet was the only place of safety for boats during the storm.""A small inlet was the only place of safety for boats during the storm."

answerhaven

whyHaven = lugar de refugio. Un puerto pequeno donde los barcos pueden estar seguros.Haven = place of shelter. A small port where boats can be safe.

6"Kanye had thought that a snake's skin would feel cold and damp, but it felt quite dry.""Kanye had thought that a snake's skin would feel cold and damp, but it felt quite dry."

answerclammy

whyClammy = frio y humedo - exactamente "cold and damp."Clammy = cold and damp - exactly "cold and damp."

7"Many of these colonial houses have been brought back to their original condition by prominent builders.""Many of these colonial houses have been brought back to their original condition by prominent builders."

answerrestored

whyRestore = devolver a la condicion original. Pasado: restored.Restore = bring back to original condition. Past: restored.

8"Garbage was spread about here and there all over the sidewalk from the overturned trash cans.""Garbage was spread about here and there all over the sidewalk from the overturned trash cans."

answerstrewn

whyStrew = esparcir, regar sin orden. Forma de participio: strewn.Strew = to scatter without order. Participle form: strewn.

9"The ad for the furniture store said you can obtain all the furniture you need for three rooms for under $1,000.""The ad for the furniture store said you can obtain all the furniture you need for three rooms for under $1,000."

answerfurnish

whyFurnish = llenar con muebles (significado #1). Es exactamente "furnish three rooms."Furnish = fill with furniture (meaning #1). It's exactly "furnish three rooms."

10"When she broke her promise to me, I got back at her by telling all her friends what she had done.""When she broke her promise to me, I got back at her by telling all her friends what she had done."

answerretaliated

whyRetaliate = devolver el dano, vengarse. "Got back at her" es exactamente retaliate.Retaliate = to return harm, to get back at. "Got back at her" is exactly retaliate.

19CAplicar significadosApplying Meanings

Cada pregunta puede tener mas de una respuesta correcta. Encierra cada letra que aplique. El razonamiento esta incluido para que veas por que cada opcion funciona o no. Each question can have more than one correct answer. Circle every letter that fits. The reasoning is included so you can see why each option does or doesn't work.

1¿Cual de los siguientes podria ser fragrant?Which of the following might be fragrant?

answerc, d

whyLas flores y el perfume tienen olores agradables. La basura tiene stench (lo opuesto). Un ornamento de cristal no tiene olor.Flowers and perfume have pleasant smells. Garbage has stench (the opposite). A glass ornament has no smell.

2¿Cual de los siguientes podria ser installed?Which of the following could be installed?

answera, c, d

whyA los miembros nuevos se les "instala" en sus puestos (uso oficial). Los detectores de humo y las chimeneas se instalan. La lena se carga, no se instala.New members are "installed" in their positions (official use). Smoke detectors and fireplaces are installed. Firewood is loaded, not installed.

3¿Cual de los siguientes podria tener un stench?Which of the following might have a stench?

answerb, c, d

whyLa basura, la leche cortada y los huevos podridos huelen mal. Las rosas son fragrant (lo opuesto).Garbage, spoiled milk, and rotten eggs all smell bad. Roses are fragrant (the opposite).

4¿Cual de los siguientes podria ser elaborate?Which of the following could be elaborate?

answera, b, c

whyLas ceremonias, los hoaxes y las exhibiciones pueden ser elaborate (complejas, con muchos detalles). Un grano de arena es demasiado simple y pequeno.Ceremonies, hoaxes, and exhibits can all be elaborate (complex, with many details). A grain of sand is too simple and small.

5¿Cual de los siguientes puede ser breached?Which of the following can be breached?

answerb, c, d

whyUna pared se puede romper (breach fisico). Un contrato se puede breach (no cumplir). Una amistad se puede breach (romper la confianza). Un hoax es un engano - no es algo que se rompe.A wall can be physically breached. A contract can be breached (not honored). A friendship can be breached (trust broken). A hoax is itself a deception - not something that gets breached.

6¿Cual de los siguientes puede ser restored?Which of the following can be restored?

answera, b, c

whyUna chimenea, una pintura, y la confianza se pueden restaurar. La fatiga se cura o se reduce, no se restaura.A fireplace, a painting, and confidence can all be restored. Fatigue gets cured or reduced, not restored.

7¿Cual de los siguientes puede ser repelled?Which of the following can be repelled?

answera, b, c, d (los cuatro)(all four)

whyLos ataques se repelen (rechazar). Una persona puede ser repelled por algo asqueroso (significado #2). Los perros se ahuyentan con repelente. El agua se repele con materiales impermeables.Attacks are repelled. A person can be repelled by something disgusting (meaning #2). Dogs are driven away by repellent. Water is repelled by waterproof materials.

8¿Cual de los siguientes puede ser furnished?Which of the following can be furnished?

answera, b, c

whyUn cuarto se "amuebla" (furnish significado #1). Una oportunidad o suministros se pueden "proveer" (furnish significado #2). Anguish (angustia) no es algo que se provee.A room is "furnished" (furnish meaning #1). Opportunities or supplies can be "provided" (furnish meaning #2). Anguish isn't something you provide.

19DEstudio de palabras · El prefijo "re-"Word Study · The "re-" Prefix

El prefijo "re-" generalmente significa "otra vez" o "de regreso/atras." Tu trabajo en esta seccion es emparejar cada definicion con la palabra correcta de la lista. Las palabras: restrain, relive, refill, reread, revise, recall, return, revive. The prefix "re-" usually means "again" or "back." Your job in this section is to match each definition with the correct word from the list. The words: restrain, relive, refill, reread, revise, recall, return, revive.

#	DefinicionDefinition	PalabraWord	Pista del prefijoPrefix clue
1	To know again what one knew before	recall	re- (otra vez) + call (llamar a la mente).re- (again) + call (call to mind).
2	To hold back by force or force of will	restrain	re- (atras) + strain (tirar). Contener.re- (back) + strain (pull). To hold back.
3	To bring back to a former state or place	return	re- (de regreso) + turn (girar). Regresar.re- (back) + turn. To go back.
4	To fill again after being emptied	refill	re- (otra vez) + fill (llenar).re- (again) + fill.
5	To look over again and make changes	revise	re- (otra vez) + vise/visa (ver). Revisar.re- (again) + vise/visa (see). To review.
6	To experience events again in your mind	relive	re- (otra vez) + live (vivir). Revivir mentalmente.re- (again) + live. To mentally relive.
7	To bring back to a lively state	revive	re- (de regreso) + vive (vivir, latin). Resucitar.re- (back) + vive (live, Latin). To bring back to life.
8	To go over material in a book again	reread	re- (otra vez) + read (leer).re- (again) + read.

Truco para entender re- Trick for Understanding re-

Si una palabra empieza con "re-", pregunta: "¿que significa la otra parte de la palabra?" Luego anade "otra vez" o "de regreso." Por ejemplo: refill = fill (llenar) + otra vez = llenar otra vez. Restrain = strain (tirar) + de regreso = tirar hacia atras = contener. If a word starts with "re-", ask: "what does the rest of the word mean?" Then add "again" or "back." Example: refill = fill + again = fill again. Restrain = strain (pull) + back = pull back = hold back.

Esta regla funciona para muchas palabras con re-: recharge (cargar otra vez), rebuild (construir otra vez), reaction (accion de regreso), reform (formar otra vez). This rule works for many re- words: recharge (charge again), rebuild (build again), reaction (action back), reform (form again).

19EAntes de responder · Lee el pasajeBefore You Answer · Read the Passage

De que trata este pasaje What This Passage Is About

El pasaje en las paginas 227 - 228, "The Great Age of Castles," explica como eran realmente los castillos medievales - no como en los cuentos de hadas. Cubre: como se sentia vivir adentro (frio, oscuro, oloroso), como evolucionaron las construcciones (de madera simple a piedra elaborada), como funcionaban como refugios y como se defendian de ataques, y como dejaron de servir cuando aparecio la polvora alrededor de 1500. The passage on pages 227 - 228, "The Great Age of Castles," explains what medieval castles were really like - not like in fairy tales. It covers: what it felt like inside (cold, dark, smelly), how the buildings evolved (from simple wooden to elaborate stone), how they served as shelters and how they defended against attacks, and how they stopped working when gunpowder arrived around 1500.

¿Quieres leer el pasaje con ayuda de traduccion al tocar? Abre la version interactiva de "The Great Age of Castles" → Want to read the passage with click-to-translate help? Open the interactive version of "The Great Age of Castles" →

Datos importantes para recordar mientras lees Key Facts to Remember While Reading

Las paredes exteriores de los castillos eran de bloques de piedra massive, hasta 20 pies de grosor.Castle outer walls were massive stone blocks, up to 20 feet thick.
Por dentro, los cuartos eran clammy (frios y humedos). El stench de los animales y los cuerpos sin lavar era abrumador.Inside, rooms were clammy (cold and damp). The stench from animals and unwashed bodies was overpowering.
Para enmascarar los malos olores, ponian hierbas fragrant y las strew (esparcian) por los pisos.To mask bad smells, they used fragrant herbs and strewed them on the floors.
La gran era de los castillos: 800 a 1500 (siete siglos). Los primeros eran de madera simple; los ultimos eran de piedra y mas elaborate.The great age of castles: 800 to 1500 (seven centuries). Earliest were simple wood; later ones were stone and more elaborate.
Servian como haven en tiempos de peligro - protegian a los habitantes y a la gente de la vicinity.They served as haven in dangerous times - protected the inhabitants and people from the vicinity.
Defensa: foso, paredes altas. Si los atacantes subian, los defensores podian retaliate con flechas, rocas, o liquidos hirviendo. Si los repelled, podia comenzar un asedio.Defense: moat, high walls. If attackers climbed, defenders could retaliate with arrows, rocks, or boiling liquids. If repelled, a siege might begin.
Cuando llego la polvora (1500), los canones podian breach incluso las paredes mas gruesas. Los castillos dejaron de ser utiles. Algunos hoy estan restored con plomeria moderna installed.When gunpowder arrived (1500), cannons could breach even the thickest walls. Castles stopped being useful. Some today have been restored with modern plumbing installed.

La estrategia de dos pasos The Two-Step Strategy

Paso 1. Encuentra la respuesta en el pasaje (o piensala bien si es una pregunta de opinion). Step 1. Find the answer in the passage (or think it through if it's an opinion question).

Paso 2. Asegurate de que tu respuesta use una palabra de vocabulario de la leccion. Cada palabra puede usarse solo una vez en las 15 preguntas, asi que planea con anticipacion. Step 2. Make sure your answer uses a vocabulary word from the lesson. Each word can be used only once across all 15 questions, so plan ahead.

19EPreguntas del pasajePassage Questions

Cada entrada abajo te indica donde se esconde la respuesta en el pasaje y muestra que palabra de vocabulario encaja mejor. Las respuestas de ejemplo son modelos - la tuya debe estar en tus propias palabras. Each entry below points you to where the answer hides in the passage and shows which vocabulary word fits best. The example answers are models - your own should be in your own words.

1¿Cuales eran las dos funciones principales de los castillos?What were the two main functions of castles?

passage clue"The main reason for building a castle was to provide a sanctuary in times of danger." Y el primer parrafo dice que eran hogares de reyes y reinas."The main reason for building a castle was to provide a sanctuary in times of danger." And the first paragraph says they were homes for kings and queens.

exampleLas dos funciones principales eran: (1) servir de hogar para reyes, reinas y nobles; y (2) ofrecer un haven o refugio seguro en tiempos de guerra o ataque.The two main functions were: (1) to serve as homes for kings, queens, and nobles; and (2) to provide a haven or safe refuge in times of war or attack.

vocab usedhavenhaven

2¿Cual es el significado de construction tal como se usa en el pasaje?What is the meaning of construction as it is used in the passage?

passage clue"Castles built at the beginning of this period were fairly simple wooden constructions.""Castles built at the beginning of this period were fairly simple wooden constructions."

exampleAqui, construction significa una estructura o edificio - algo que ha sido construido. Los primeros castillos eran simplemente estructuras de madera, no los castillos de piedra elaborados que vinieron despues.Here, construction means a structure or building - something that has been built. The earliest castles were simply wooden structures, not the elaborate stone castles that came later.

tipPregunta de definicion. Usa "estructura" o "edificio."Definition question. Use "structure" or "building."

3¿Cual seria la ventaja de construir castillos cerca de canteras de piedra?What would be the advantage of building castles near stone quarries?

passage clue"Their outside walls were made of massive blocks of stone and were up to twenty feet thick." Esos bloques son pesados de mover."Their outside walls were made of massive blocks of stone and were up to twenty feet thick." Those blocks are heavy to move.

exampleLa ventaja seria no tener que transportar los bloques de piedra massive a largas distancias. Eran tan pesados que mover cada uno a varios kilometros costaba mucho tiempo y mano de obra.The advantage would be not having to transport the massive stone blocks long distances. They were so heavy that moving each one many miles cost lots of time and manpower.

vocab usedmassivemassive

4¿Por que los castillos hoy son lugares mas convenientes y comodos para vivir?Why are castles today more convenient and comfortable places to live in?

passage clue"their modern owners have restored them and made them more comfortable for today's occupants by installing modern plumbing and electricity.""their modern owners have restored them and made them more comfortable for today's occupants by installing modern plumbing and electricity."

exampleSon mas comodos hoy porque los duenos modernos han installed plomeria moderna y electricidad. Antes no tenian banos ni luz electrica - ahora si.They're more comfortable today because modern owners have installed modern plumbing and electricity. Before, they didn't have bathrooms or electric lights - now they do.

vocab usedinstall (installed)install (installed)

5¿Como evoluciono la construccion de castillos a lo largo de los siglos?How did the building of castles evolve over the centuries?

passage clue"Castles built at the beginning of this period were fairly simple wooden constructions... The ones built later were made of stone and were much more elaborate.""Castles built at the beginning of this period were fairly simple wooden constructions... The ones built later were made of stone and were much more elaborate."

exampleAl principio (cerca del ano 800) eran estructuras simples de madera. Con el tiempo se hicieron mas elaborate - construidos de piedra, con muchos cuartos privados y muebles esplendidos.At first (around year 800) they were simple wooden structures. Over time they became more elaborate - built of stone, with many private rooms and splendid furnishings.

vocab usedelaborateelaborate

6¿Por que comprar un castillo en ruinas no le agradaria a una persona de medios modestos?Why would buying a ruined castle not appeal to a person of modest means?

passage clue"their modern owners have restored them" - hacer eso cuesta mucho dinero. Los castillos son enormes."their modern owners have restored them" - doing that costs a lot of money. Castles are huge.

examplePorque restore un castillo en ruinas costaria una fortuna. Los castillos son enormes y reparar todas las paredes de piedra, agregar plomeria moderna, electricidad y muebles seria carisimo - solo personas muy ricas pueden pagarlo.Because restoring a ruined castle would cost a fortune. Castles are huge, and fixing all the stone walls, adding modern plumbing, electricity, and furniture would be extremely expensive - only very rich people can afford it.

vocab usedrestorerestore

7¿Como podria un dueno moderno hacer los cuartos de un castillo menos clammy?How might a modern owner make a castle's rooms less clammy?

passage clue"The rooms inside the castle were often clammy. In the winter, icy drafts blew through the narrow, glassless windows." Hoy podemos sellar ventanas y agregar calefaccion."The rooms inside the castle were often clammy. In the winter, icy drafts blew through the narrow, glassless windows." Today we can seal windows and add heating.

exampleUn dueno moderno podria hacer los cuartos menos clammy poniendo vidrio en las ventanas, agregando calefaccion central, sellando las grietas en las paredes, y usando deshumidificadores para reducir la humedad.A modern owner could make rooms less clammy by putting glass in the windows, adding central heating, sealing cracks in the walls, and using dehumidifiers to reduce moisture.

vocab usedclammy (already in question)clammy (already in question)

8¿Que furnishings podrias encontrar en el gran salon de un castillo?What furnishings might you find in the great hall of a castle?

passage clue"There was a great hall where banquets were held and visitors were greeted and entertained.""There was a great hall where banquets were held and visitors were greeted and entertained."

exampleEn el gran salon de un castillo podrias encontrar furnishings como mesas largas para banquetes, sillas y bancos pesados de madera, tronos para los nobles, tapices grandes en las paredes, candelabros, y armaduras o armas exhibidas.In the great hall of a castle you might find furnishings like long banquet tables, heavy wooden chairs and benches, thrones for the nobles, large tapestries on the walls, candle holders, and displayed armor or weapons.

vocab usedfurnish (furnishings in question)furnish (furnishings in question)

9¿Que cualidad habria sido valorada en las hierbas cultivadas en los jardines del castillo?What quality would have been valued in herbs grown in the castle gardens?

passage clue"Fragrant herbs were used to mask the smells.""Fragrant herbs were used to mask the smells."

exampleLa cualidad mas valorada habria sido que las hierbas fueran fragrant - que tuvieran un olor agradable y fuerte. Las usaban para tapar los malos olores del castillo, asi que mientras mas fragantes, mejor.The most valued quality would have been that the herbs were fragrant - having a strong, pleasant smell. They used them to cover up the castle's bad smells, so the more fragrant, the better.

vocab usedfragrantfragrant

10¿Que diferencia habria hecho banarse regularmente en las condiciones de vida de los habitantes del castillo?What difference would bathing regularly have made in the living conditions of the castle's inhabitants?

passage clue"the stench from the animals kept inside the castle, as well as from the unwashed bodies of the people, would have been overpowering.""the stench from the animals kept inside the castle, as well as from the unwashed bodies of the people, would have been overpowering."

exampleBanarse regularmente habria reducido enormemente el stench de los habitantes. El pasaje dice que el mal olor de los cuerpos sin lavar era abrumador - si la gente se hubiera banado, gran parte de ese olor habria desaparecido.Bathing regularly would have greatly reduced the stench from the inhabitants. The passage says the smell from unwashed bodies was overpowering - if people had bathed, much of that smell would have gone away.

vocab usedstenchstench

11¿Que uso se les daba a las hierbas cultivadas en los jardines del castillo?What use was made of the herbs grown in the castle gardens?

passage clue"one of the servants' jobs was to strew them on the castle floors.""one of the servants' jobs was to strew them on the castle floors."

exampleLas hierbas se strew (esparcian) por los pisos de los castillos. Cuando la gente caminaba sobre ellas, las pisaban y liberaban el olor para enmascarar los malos olores del castillo.The herbs were strewn (scattered) on the castle floors. When people walked over them, they crushed them and released the smell to mask the castle's bad smells.

vocab usedstrewstrew

12¿Cuando podria un castillo haberse llenado demasiado?When might a castle have become overcrowded?

passage clue"They could move inside the castle grounds if a hostile army approached." La gente de la zona se refugiaba en el castillo cuando habia peligro."They could move inside the castle grounds if a hostile army approached." Local people took refuge in the castle when danger came.

exampleUn castillo podria llenarse demasiado cuando un ejercito enemigo se acercaba y toda la gente que vivia en la vicinity se mudaba dentro de las paredes del castillo en busca de proteccion.A castle might become overcrowded when an enemy army approached and all the people living in the vicinity moved inside the castle walls for protection.

vocab usedvicinityvicinity

13¿Cual es el significado de repelled tal como se usa en el pasaje?What is the meaning of repelled as it is used in the passage?

passage clue"If the attackers were repelled, they might begin a siege.""If the attackers were repelled, they might begin a siege."

exampleAqui, repelled significa rechazados o forzados a retroceder. Los defensores del castillo empujaban a los atacantes hacia atras con flechas, rocas y liquidos hirviendo - los hacian retirarse.Here, repelled means driven away or forced back. The castle defenders pushed attackers back with arrows, rocks, and boiling liquids - made them retreat.

tipPregunta de definicion. Aqui es el significado #1: empujar / rechazar.Definition question. Here it's meaning #1: push back / drive away.

14Nombra dos formas en que los habitantes de un castillo podian retaliate si eran atacados.Name two ways that a castle's inhabitants could retaliate if attacked.

passage clue"Those defending the castle could retaliate by shooting arrows at them or by dropping rocks or pouring boiling liquids on them.""Those defending the castle could retaliate by shooting arrows at them or by dropping rocks or pouring boiling liquids on them."

exampleLos habitantes podian retaliate de varias maneras: (1) disparando flechas a los atacantes desde lo alto de las paredes, y (2) tirando rocas pesadas o vertiendo liquidos hirviendo sobre los que intentaban escalar.Inhabitants could retaliate in several ways: (1) shooting arrows at attackers from the top of the walls, and (2) dropping heavy rocks or pouring boiling liquids on those trying to climb up.

vocab usedretaliate (already in question)retaliate (already in question)

15¿Cual es el significado de breach tal como se usa en el pasaje?What is the meaning of breach as it is used in the passage?

passage clue"When gunpowder came into use around 1500, cannons could breach even the thickest walls.""When gunpowder came into use around 1500, cannons could breach even the thickest walls."

exampleAqui, breach es un verbo que significa romper o atravesar para abrir un agujero. Los canones podian abrir huecos incluso en las paredes mas gruesas, dejando que los atacantes entraran.Here, breach is a verb meaning to break through and open a hole. Cannons could open holes even in the thickest walls, letting attackers get in.

tipPregunta de definicion. Es el verbo: "romper para abrir."Definition question. It's the verb: "break through to open."

Rastreador de palabras de vocabulario Vocabulary Word Tracker

Cada palabra debe aparecer solo una vez entre las 15 respuestas. Asi es como las usan las respuestas de ejemplo arriba: Each word should appear only once across the 15 answers. Here's how the example answers above use them:

Palabras que aparecieron en las preguntas mismas: construct/construction (Q2), clammy (Q7), furnish/furnishings (Q8), repel/repelled (Q13), retaliate (Q14), breach (Q15). Words that appeared in the questions themselves: construct/construction (Q2), clammy (Q7), furnish/furnishings (Q8), repel/repelled (Q13), retaliate (Q14), breach (Q15).

Palabras anadidas en las respuestas de ejemplo: haven (Q1), massive (Q3), install (Q4), elaborate (Q5), restore (Q6), fragrant (Q9), stench (Q10), strew (Q11), vicinity (Q12). Words added in the example answers: haven (Q1), massive (Q3), install (Q4), elaborate (Q5), restore (Q6), fragrant (Q9), stench (Q10), strew (Q11), vicinity (Q12).

Eso cubre las 15. Si tus propias respuestas usan las palabras de manera diferente, esta bien - solo asegurate de que ninguna se repita. That covers all 15. If your own answers use the words differently, that's fine - just make sure none gets repeated.

ExtensionExtension de vocabulario · ConstructVocabulary Extension · Construct

La actividad de discusion y escritura en la pagina 231 te da una situacion: "A child uses building blocks to construct a toy house." Y luego te hace dos preguntas: ¿Que materiales pueden usar los trabajadores de construccion para construct una casa real? ¿De que esta constructed tu hogar? The discussion and writing prompt on page 231 gives you a situation: "A child uses building blocks to construct a toy house." Then asks you two questions: What materials can construction workers use to construct a real house? What is your home constructed of?

Materiales comunes para construir casas Common Materials for Building Houses

Madera (wood): el material mas comun para casas en Estados Unidos. Estructura, paredes, pisos, techos.Wood: the most common material for U.S. houses. Frame, walls, floors, roofs.
Ladrillo (brick) y piedra (stone): mas duraderos que la madera. Comunes en casas mas viejas o en climas extremos.Brick and stone: more durable than wood. Common in older houses or extreme climates.
Concreto (concrete): para cimientos, sotanos, y a veces paredes exteriores.Concrete: for foundations, basements, and sometimes outer walls.
Acero (steel): en estructuras grandes, vigas, y refuerzos.Steel: in large structures, beams, and reinforcements.
Estuco (stucco), vinilo, fibra de cemento: para los acabados exteriores.Stucco, vinyl, fiber cement: for exterior finishes.
Yeso (drywall): para paredes interiores. Vidrio para las ventanas. Tejas o tejas asfalticas para el techo.Drywall: for interior walls. Glass for windows. Tiles or asphalt shingles for the roof.

Respuesta de ejemploExample response

modelLos trabajadores de construccion usan muchos materiales para construct una casa real - madera, ladrillos, cemento, acero, vidrio, y aislamiento son los mas comunes. Mi casa esta constructed principalmente de madera, con un techo de tejas asfalticas y paredes exteriores de estuco. El cimiento es de concreto, y las paredes interiores son de yeso (drywall). Las casas modernas son mucho mas faciles de calentar y enfriar que los castillos medievales constructed de bloques de piedra.Construction workers use many materials to construct a real house - wood, brick, cement, steel, glass, and insulation are the most common. My home is constructed mainly of wood, with an asphalt shingle roof and stucco outer walls. The foundation is concrete, and the inside walls are drywall. Modern homes are much easier to heat and cool than medieval castles constructed of stone blocks.

your turnEscribe tu propia respuesta de 2-4 oraciones. Trata de usar la palabra construct o constructed al menos dos veces. Piensa en lo que ves cuando miras tu propia casa o apartamento.Write your own 2-4 sentence answer. Try to use the word construct or constructed at least twice. Think about what you see when you look at your own house or apartment.

Conexion con el pasaje Connection to the Passage

El pasaje habla de como evoluciono la construction de los castillos: al principio eran constructed de madera (simples), y despues de piedra (mas elaborate). Las casas modernas siguen el mismo patron - con el tiempo, los materiales y las tecnicas mejoran. Una casa de hoy es mas comoda que un castillo del ano 1200, aunque sea mas pequena. The passage talks about how castle construction evolved: at first they were constructed of wood (simple), then of stone (more elaborate). Modern houses follow the same pattern - over time, materials and techniques improve. A house today is more comfortable than a castle from year 1200, even if it's smaller.

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Los castillos son una de las formas arquitectonicas mas duraderas de la historia - construidos para resistir guerras, terremotos, y siglos de clima. La proxima vez que veas un castillo en una pelicula o foto, recuerda: por dentro era frio, oscuro y con malos olores - pero las paredes contaban historias enormes. Castles are one of the longest-lasting architectural forms in history - built to withstand wars, earthquakes, and centuries of weather. The next time you see a castle in a movie or photo, remember: inside it was cold, dark, and smelly - but the walls told huge stories.